The physical demands of rapid and economical running differ from those of fighting such that functional trade-offs may prevent simultaneous evolution of optimal performance in both behaviours.
OUR STUDIES
Carrier, D. R., S. M. Deban, and J. Otterstrom. (2002). The face that sunk the Essex: Potential function of the spermaceti organ in aggression. J. Exp. Biol. 205, 1755-1763. Full text of this article in PDF
Chase, K., D. R. Carrier, F. R. Adler, T. Jarvik, E. A. Ostrander, T. D. Lorentzen and K. G. Lark. (2002). Genetic basis for systems of skeletal quantitative traits: principal component analysis of the canid skeleton. PNAS 99, 9930-9935. Full text of this article in PDF
Carrier, D. R. (2002). Functional tradeoffs in specialization for fighting and running. Pp. 237-255, in Topics in Functional and Ecological Vertebrate Morphology, P. Aerts, K. D’Aout, A. Herrel, and R. Van Damme (eds.), Shaker Publishing. Full text of this article in PDF
Pasi, B. M. and D. R. Carrier. (2003). Functional tradeoffs in the limb muscles of dogs selected for running versus fighting. J. Evol. Biol. 16, 324-332. Full text of this article in PDF
Carrier, D. R. (2004). The running-fighting dichotomy and the evolution of aggression in hominids. In, From Biped to Strider: The Emergence of Modern Human Walking, Running, and Resourch Transport. (J. Meldrum and C. Hilton eds.) Kluwer/Plenum Press: New York. Full text of this article in PDF
Kemp, T.J., K. N. Bachus, J.A. Nairn and D. R. Carrier. (2005). Functional tradeoffs in the limb bones of dogs selected for running versus fighting. J. Exp. Biol. 208, 3475-3482. Full text of this article in PDF
Chase, K., D.R. Carrier, F.R. Adler, E.A. Ostrander and K.G. Lark. (2005). Interaction between the X chromosome and an autosome regulates size sexual dimorphism in Portuguese Water Dogs. Genome Res. 15, 1820-1824. Full text of this article in PDF
Carrier, D. R. (2011). The advantage of standing up to fight and the evolution of habitual bipedalism in hominins. PLoS ONE 6(5): e19630. Full text of this article in PDF
Cunningham, C. B., J. S. Ruff, K. Chase, W. K. Potts, and D. R. Carrier. (2013). Competitive ability in male house mice (Mus musculus): Genetic influences. Behavior Genetics 43, 151-160. Full text of this article in PDF
Morris, J. S., and Brandt, E. K. (2014). Specialization for aggression in sexually dimorphic skeletal morphology in grey wolves (Canis lupus). Journal of Anatomy, 225, 1-11. Full text of this article in PDF
Carrier, D. R., N. Schilling and C. Anders. (2015). Muscle activation during maximal effort tasks: evidence of the selective forces that shaped the musculoskeletal system of humans. Biology open bio-014381. Full text of this article in PDF
Carrier, D. R. (2015). The Fight or Flight Dichotomy: Functional Tradeoff in Specialization for Aggression Versus Locomotion. In: Understanding mammalian locomotion: Concepts and applications. Editor: J. Bertram. In press.
SELECTED STUDIES ON RELATED TOPIC BY OTHER AUTHORS
Van Damme, R., Wilson, R. S., Vanhooydonck, B. and Aerts, P. (2002). Evolutionary biology: performance constraints in decathletes. Nature, 415, 755-756.
Brandt, Y. (2003). Lizard threat display handicaps endurance. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 270, 1061-1068.
Lailvaux, S. P. and Irschick, D. J. (2006). A functional perspective on sexual selection: insights and future prospects. Animal Behaviour 72, 263-273.
Raichlen, D. A. (2006). Effects of limb mass distribution on mechanical power outputs during quadrupedalism. Journal of experimental biology 209, 633-644.
Williams, S. B., Wilson, A. M. and Payne, R. C. (2007). Functional specialisation of the thoracic limb of the hare (Lepus europeus). Journal of anatomy 210, 491-505.
Herrel, A., Andrade, D. V., De Carvalho, J. E., Brito, A., Abe, A. and Navas, C. (2009). Aggressive behavior and performance in the tegu lizard Tupinambis merianae. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 82, 680-685.
Martín-Serra, A., Figueirido, B. and Palmqvist, P. (2014). A three-dimensional analysis of morphological evolution and locomotor performance of the carnivoran forelimb. PloS one, 9.
Chappell, M. A., Garland, T., Robertson, G. F. and Saltzman, W. (2007). Relationships among running performance, aerobic physiology and organ mass in male Mongolian gerbils. Journal of Experimental Biology 210, 4179-4197.
Helton, W. S. (2011). Performance constraints in strength events in dogs (Canis lupus familiaris). Behavioural processes 86, 149-151.
Bro‐Jørgensen, J. (2013). Evolution of sprint speed in African savannah herbivores in relation to predation. Evolution 67, 3371-3376.
Vanhooydonck, B., James, R. S., Tallis, J., Aerts, P., Tadic, Z., Tolley, K. A., ... and Herrel, A. (2014). Is the whole more than the sum of its parts? Evolutionary trade-offs between burst and sustained locomotion in lacertid lizards. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 281, 20132677.
Lailvaux, S. P. and Husak, J. F. (2014). The life history of whole-organism performance. The Quarterly review of biology 89, 285-318.
Webster, E. L., Hudson, P. E. and Channon, S. B. (2014). Comparative functional anatomy of the epaxial musculature of dogs (Canis familiaris) bred for sprinting vs. fighting. Journal of anatomy 225, 317-327.
Young, J. W., Danczak, R., Russo, G. A. and Fellmann, C. D. (2014). Limb bone morphology, bone strength, and cursoriality in lagomorphs. Journal of anatomy 225, 403-418.
de Albuquerque, R. L., Bonine, K. E. and Garland, T. (2015). Speed and endurance do not trade off in phrynosomatid lizards. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 88, 634.
Martín‐Serra, A., Figueirido, B., Pérez‐Claros, J. A. and Palmqvist, P. (2015). Patterns of morphological integration in the appendicular skeleton of mammalian carnivores. Evolution 69, 321-340.
Chirchir, H. (2015). A Comparative Study of Trabecular Bone Mass Distribution in Cursorial and Non‐Cursorial Limb Joints. The Anatomical Record 298, 797-809.